System for delivery of fibers into concrete

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides for twisted and rectangular dice forms of sheeted fibrous materials and a process for making the dice forms. Specifically, the invention teaches the use of dice forms and sheet materials in construction and cementitious materials.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a system for the delivery of reinforcing fibers into cementitious and other construction materials. In particular, the invention relates to methods and apparatus in which regular production, high density, cellulose pulp sheets are converted to a form that is easily delivered and dispersed in fresh concrete, and to equipment for economical and facile delivery of the improved form into ready-mix concrete applications.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The desirability of employing fibrous reinforcing material in concrete and other cementitious building materials has been known for a number of years. In many instances, the use of fiber reinforcing material reduces or eliminates the need for reinforcing rods while maintaining improved shrinkage crack resistance. The fiber-reinforced material can often be formed at lower cost than similar material containing steel rod or wire mesh reinforcement. Where concrete is used in applications that are exposed, such as roadways, the presence of the fibers at the surface exposed to the roadway also provides improved wear resistance.

One difficulty that has inhibited use of fiber reinforced materials is the tendency of the fibers to adhere to each other and form balls after being delivered into construction mixtures when they are not fully wetted by the construction mixture. The result of balling is poor matrix to fiber bonding and a corresponding decrease in strength of the finished construction material. Moreover, where the balls are of significant size, a partial void in the material is formed which results in a defect or weak spot in the finished material.

Cellulose and mineral fibers are commonly used to modify the rheological properties of liquid systems, including those based on cement and water, and those based on bitumen. The fibers have a gelling or thickening effect on these systems which may include, for example, a cement-based tile adhesive, concrete, or a bituminous road surfacing compound. Cellulose and mineral fiber usage has increased partly due to the demise of asbestos fiber.

Cellulose fiber is often supplied in dry, compressed bales which may be from 1 Kg to 400 Kg in weight and have density of from about 0.4 to about 0.9 g/cc. To be effective as a reinforcing material, the fibers must be delivered into the mixture and be dispersed therein. Cellulose fiber is also supplied in rolls. One problem in the state of the art is the length of time required for uniform dispersion of the fibers once they are delivered into the construction mixture.

There are three main methods for adding fiber to cementitious and other construction mixtures. In one method, bales may be added directly to a mixer. Thus, in the case of hot bitumen mixtures, the whole bale including polyethylene packaging is added, the plastic quickly dissolving into the hot liquid bitumen. Alternatively, and particularly in the use of dry powder mixes, the fiber is emptied from the package directly into the mixer. Or the fiber is supplied via a hopper and screw arrangement, possibly after a weighing operation to obtain the exact quantity required for a batch. These prior art methods are labor intensive, and often require an operator to work very close to mixing machinery. There are also the environmental problems of dust, fumes and noise for methods that require complicated procedures and extensive mixing times.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides several systems for solving the prior art problems of lack of dispersion and inadequate mixing of reinforcing fibers in construction mixtures. In one aspect, this invention provides a system for the conversion of a high density dry pulp sheet to a readily dispersible form by use of a dicer or shredder. The time required for dispersion and complete mixing of the fibers into a cementitious mixture is greatly reduced.

In an alternative embodiment, a low consistency pulp slurry is formed and delivered to the construction mixture. Previous attempts to add wet fibers to cementitious mixtures suffered from the problems of accounting for the water used to individualize the fibers and from the difficulty in determining the amount of fiber added to each batch.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

This invention provides a system and apparatus for the production of a twisted dice form of sheeted cellulosic materials, which is suitable for delivery into construction mixtures including cementitious materials such as concrete. Twisted dice are produced by means of a transverse shredder.

A transverse shredder is a conventional shredder to which has been added means for an additional process. Built into and placed at determinate points around the circumference of each cutting disk are cutting notches. As the material delivered into the shredder is being cut into long strips, it comes into contact with these notches which effect a transverse cut across the strip, thus reducing the material to rectangular pieces of various lengths, the individual lengths being determined by the number and placement of the transverse cutting notches. There are comparatively few moving parts and the machine, including motor and drive mechanism, can easily fit on a desktop.

Allegheny Paper Shredders Corporation in Delmont, Pa. manufactures a transverse shredder with the most notable previous application for shredding plastic containers and aluminum cans in consumer recycling operations.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,562,743 relates to absorbent structures which contain chemically treated fibers bound with a polyvalent cation-containing compound and an ionizable acid. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/638,274 filed Aug. 8, 2003, claiming priority from U.S. provisional application 60/405,784 filed Aug. 23, 2002 relates to the use of these fibers in cementitious materials. These patents and applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The chemically treated fiber is available from Buckeye Technologies Inc. and its affiliates as CARESSA® for use in absorbent products. The chemically treated fibers disclosed therein for use in cementitious materials are referred to herein as CF-16.

A wide variety of types and grades of fibrous material are produced in baled sheet and roll form by the global paper industry. These materials are from various sources, natural and synthetic, with cellulosics being derived primarily from wood pulp and cotton linters. Sheet thicknesses range from about 0.5 mm to about 2.0 mm, with more common commercial products being from about 0.8 mm to about 1.5 mm. Any of these sheeted fibrous materials may be used in the practice of this invention.

EXPERIMENTAL

The term “dice” as used herein may be singular or plural and refers to a small piece of sheeted fibrous material.

Example 1 Twisted Dice

Sheets of CF-16 of the dimension 17.8 cm (7 inches)×76.2 cm (30 inches) with a basis weight of 709 g/m² and a sheet density of 0.59 g/cm³ were fed one-by-one into an Allegheny shredder model RX-8 with a 2HP motor and an inlet slot of 20.3 cm (8 inches). The CF-16 sheet is converted into small, broken and twisted pieces of diced sheet material. Based on the average measurements of 50 samples of Allegheny CF-16 dice reported in Table 1, the shape of the dice are typically about 6.3 mm (0.25 inch) wide, 3.0 cm (1.2 inch) in length (unkinked length), and 2.6 mm (0.1 inch) in thickness. The dice are obviously twisted and kinked, hence the description “twisted dice”. The kinked length is about 2.5 cm (1.0 inch), which results in an elongation factor for the ratio of actual length divided by apparent kinked length of 1.2. The measured density of these twisted dice was about 0.22 g/cm³ on average. This corresponds to a reduction of the sheet density of about 62%.

These CF-16 twisted dice are considerably and obviously deformed, that is, they are twisted and torn rather than cleanly cut. They have jagged ends and edges and very often contain “twists” up to 90 degrees. The CF-16 sheets have a somewhat laminated characteristic from the manufacturing process. After being passed through the transverse shredder, the sheets show obvious and clear signs of partial delamination and this is reflected in the density measurement of the twisted dice pieces which is lower than the original CF-16 sheet.

As the twisted dice exit the Allegheny shredder, the material can be conveyed by any number of available conveying methods to a point of use. One desirable system uses a pneumatic tube and a blower. Such blower/tube combinations, which could include an air pulling as well as pushing character, are well known and readily available. Tash Engineering of Sumas, Wash. manufactures one such system used to convey fibers to concrete. This system uses a type of tubing that can be routed as needed throughout a plant installation up to forty feet from shredder output to point of discharge. A discharge chute or foil may be installed to direct the dice to an exact discharge location. This may be necessary, for example, if the material is to be loaded directly into the feed hopper of concrete truck. Such feed hoppers are small and other materials such as cement, aggregate, water and admixture chemicals, are often charged simultaneously with fibers. Alternatively, the tubing can discharge material at any suitable or desirable location upstream of the concrete truck itself.

There is a requirement in any fiber use to know the amount of fibers used per batch. This system uses a simple time metric. That is, the material manufactured in sheet form has a consistent basis weight. By measuring the time that the material is being shredded, a total weight can be easily determined. A truckload of ten tons of concrete would typically use fifteen pounds of fibers. A shredder of the kind described made by Allegheny with an eight inch inlet width and shredding material of seven inches in width, has easily enough capacity to meet a truck cycle rate of one every three minutes.

An important advantage of this system is transparency to the operator. Through the use of ready-mix concrete batch plant computer controls, such as, for example, those manufactured by Alco, a plant operator can be provided with a ticket printed with such information as date, time, batch number, pounds of fibers added, and any other information pertinent to the producer and/or customer. This information is analogous to that now obtained for the addition of admixture chemicals and is useful for statistical analysis, cost analysis, customer appeal, quality control, etc.

Another important advantage is safety, since current producers are safety conscious and wish to protect their workers and have expressed interest in automated fiber feeders to improve safety and work efficiency. Many types of fibers are first bagged and then added directly to trucks by operators on a loading platform or the top of a concrete truck. These dangerous environments, with moving machinery, slip and fall hazards, etc., are eliminated with an automated system.

In operation, a roll is loaded onto a roll stand or arm. The operator locates and feeds the end of the roll into the shredder. At that point, human intervention ends until the end of the roll is reached. If the mix design calls for fibers, the computer control system that controls the addition of all other concrete materials will start the shredder and conveyor system simultaneously. Product will be self-pulled through the shredder, shredded, and out fed into the working conveyor system. In the preferred embodiment, this will be a blower driven pneumatic tube. The material will be delivered through the tube to its desired destination. The computer will measure the amount of fiber delivered by the amount of time the shredder runs and can print a ticket stating that quantity delivered if desired. A further control will determine the end of the roll and signal the operator that a new roll should be loaded for continued operation.

Example 2 Laboratory Procedure for Measuring Physical Properties of the CF-16 Twisted Dice and CF-16 Rectangular Dice

Deriving the Fiber Form Dispersion Coefficient Z-Direction Surface Area Factor=Z-Direction Surface Area/Total Surface Area

The Z-direction is the direction perpendicular to the forming wire surface on a paper machine or airlaid machine on which the cellulose or other fibrous web or sheet is made. When measuring dice, the Z-direction is the shortest measured dimension and corresponds to the thickness. X and Y directions correspond to the machine direction and cross direction in terms of material produced on a paper machine in the horizontal plane of the wire. In these examples, the width, X, is defined as the shorter of the X and Y dimensions. The length, Y, is defined as the longer measured dimension. Calculations Z-Direction Surface Area (mm²)=2[Thickness (mm)×Width (mm)]+2[Thickness (mm)×Length (mm)]. Total Surface Area (mm²)=Z-Direction Surface Area+2[Width (mm)×Length (mm)]. Z-Direction Surface Area Factor (ZSAF)=Z-Direction Surface Area (mm²)/Total Surface Area (mm²)

Delamination or debulking of the fibrous sheet in the Z-direction accelerates dispersion into individual fibers. The higher the ZSAF value, the more likely the dice will acquire water and swell which results ultimately in dispersion. The ZSAF is a good indicator if a particular form of cellulose or other fibrous material will disperse in concrete within a short time period, for example, three minutes or less. However, the calculation does not take into consideration the weight of each dice.

The density must be considered along with the ZSAF. Dispersion of cellulose forms is a function of both ZSAF and density. Two dice of exactly the same dimensions have the exact same ZSAF, but if the weight of one dice is greater than the weight of the other, the heavier dice would require more time and energy to disperse in the construction material matrix.

A lower density for a sheeted fibrous material generally indicates a more open structure along the edges of the form or dice. It may indicate some degree of delamination. Wetting of the fibrous material at this edge is of paramount importance in the dispersion process when the fibrous material dice are delivered into a construction mixture. Wetting and subsequent swelling at this edge is favored by a more open structure, and, thus a lower density. On the other hand, a higher density indicates a compacted, more closed structure, which could be expected to be more difficult to wet and thus disperse the fibers. Fiber Form Dispersion Coefficient (FFDC)=ZSAF/density (g/cc)

A desirable form of sheeted fibrous material will break apart into individual fibers and readily disperse into the construction matrix in a relatively short time. The Fiber Form Dispersion Coefficient, FFDC, is a good indicator of dispersion potential. The larger the FFDC value, the more readily the fibrous material in a particular form will distribute and disperse into individual fibers in a given time. The following examples demonstrate this correlation. The very low value of FFDC for large sheets of fibrous material correlates with the fact that sheets are not unsuccessfully dispersed when delivered into a construction mixture.

For a material, such as, for example, twisted dice and rectangular dice, which is produced from regular production sheeted fibrous material having a thickness of about 2.0 mm or less, desirably, from about 0.5 mm to about 2.0 mm, to have practical dispersion times of about 4 minutes or less in fresh construction mixtures, such as concrete, it is desirable that the form has an FFDC of about 0.30 or greater, more desirably, of about 0.40 or greater, even more desirably of about 0.50 or greater, still more desirably, of about 0.60 or greater, still even more desirably, of about 0.70 or greater, preferably, of about 0.80 or greater and more preferably, of about 0.90 or greater. For a fibrous sheeted material made of cellulose, the FFDC may be referred to as CFDC, the Cellulose Form Dispersion Coefficient.

Example 3 Twisted Dice

Fifty individual twisted dice were weighed using a digital analytical balance, Mettler Toledo Model AB204-S, that measures to the nearest 1/10000 of a gram. Once the weight was recorded in grams for a given individual twisted dice, the kinked or folded length was measured using a Peak Scale Loupe 10× magnifying unit, Model 2028. The dice was placed on a flat surface and the length in centimeters was measured from one end to the other end. The length of the dice is defined as the longest longitudinal distance, herein the y direction. The given twisted dice was then extended so that the dice laid flat and the unkinked or unfolded length was measured to the nearest tenth of a centimeter. An elongation value was assigned to each of the fifty dice measured. The elongation value is calculated by dividing the kinked length into the unkinked length.

The number of folds, twists and kinks, herein collectively referred to as “twists”, were also counted and reported per dice. A twist is defined as a deviation from the horizontal of 45 degrees or greater along the dice when the twist is placed lengthwise on a flat horizontal surface and an end of the twist is held flat against the surface. The given twisted dice was then transferred to an Ames Micrometer, Model BG2110-0-04, with a 1.9 centimeter diameter foot.

The thickness, herein the Z direction, was measured by centering the width of the twisted dice under the foot of the micrometer. The thickness was measured and recorded in millimeters to the nearest 1/100 of a millimeter in at least 2 places along the length of the twisted dice. An average thickness was calculated and reported. The Peak Scale Loupe 10× unit was utilized to measure the width of each individual twisted dice in millimeters. The width is defined as the shortest horizontal distance, herein the X direction, of the twisted dice. The width was recorded and reported to the nearest tenth of a millimeter.

The density was calculated by taking the weight in grams and dividing by the area of the given dice in centimeters, using the unkinked length in centimeters multiplied by the width in centimeters. Then the average thickness in centimeters of the given twisted dice was divided into the weight per area value to determine density in grams per cubic centimeter. The average density of the 50 individual twisted dice is termed the Form Apparent Density and is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. For each given twisted dice, the total surface area was calculated. The Z-directional surface area was calculated for each given dice. The Z-Direction Surface Area Factor was then calculated for each twisted dice. Data was obtained for 50 individual twisted dice and the results were averaged and the standard deviation, maximum (high), minimum (low), mode, and coefficient of variance was calculated and reported. See Table 2 showing physical properties data for n=50 twisted dice. TABLE 1 Twisted Dice Form Physical Properties Data Z- Direction Thickness (mm) Total Z- Surface Avg. Kinked Unkinked Surface Directional Area Weight Thick Width Length Length Elongation # of Density Area Surface Factor n (g) 1 2 3 (mm) (mm) (cm) (cm) Value (%) Folds (g/cc) (mm2) Area (mm2) (ZSAF) 1 0.20 2.68 2.73 3.51 2.97 6.0 3.2 4.7 1.47 3 0.239 878.5 175.0 0.20 2 0.11 2.54 3.48 2.9 2.97 6.1 2.7 3.1 1.15 1 0.196 598.8 128.4 0.21 3 0.10 2.14 2.67 2.34 2.38 5.8 3.0 3.2 1.07 1 0.226 551.4 103.9 0.19 4 0.12 2.2 2.91 2.99 2.70 6.2 3.0 3.6 1.20 2 0.199 674.3 130.7 0.19 5 0.05 2.02 2.09 1.72 1.94 5.0 2.6 3.2 1.23 2 0.161 463.8 81.6 0.18 8 0.10 2.66 2.79 2.29 2.59 6.0 2.5 3.2 1.28 2 0.201 580.6 113.8 0.20 7 0.09 2.65 2.29 2.65 2.53 6.3 2.7 2.9 1.07 1 0.195 544.0 105.2 0.19 8 0.17 2.32 1.93 2.36 2.20 5.5 2.8 3 1.07 2 0.468 486.4 90.3 0.19 9 0.15 3.47 2.96 3.22 7.0 2.7 2.8 1.04 1 0.238 617.1 135.0 0.22 10 0.11 1.88 2.7 2.63 2.40 6.1 2.8 2.9 1.04 1 0.259 522.5 99.0 0.19 11 0.10 2.21 2.48 1.47 2.05 6.5 2.7 3.2 1.19 1 0.235 573.6 92.1 0.16 12 0.08 2.7 2.9 2.80 7.8 1.7 2 1.18 1 0.183 467.7 99.7 0.21 13 0.17 3.29 4.05 1.49 2.94 6.7 2.4 2.9 1.21 2 0.297 598.8 124.8 0.21 14 0.08 2.62 2.32 2.12 2.35 6.3 2.3 2.6 1.13 1 0.208 479.6 90.8 0.19 15 0.16 2.79 2.51 2.34 2.55 6.1 4.2 4.4 1.05 3 0.234 792.0 143.1 0.16 16 0.07 2.16 2.16 1.93 2.08 4.2 2.4 3 1.25 2 0.267 394.5 80.0 0.20 17 0.10 2.97 3.38 3.38 3.24 7.8 2.1 2.5 1.19 1 0.158 602.8 131.7 0.22 18 0.09 2.44 2.64 2.38 2.49 6.2 2.4 2.7 1.13 2 0.216 499.9 98.0 0.20 19 0.18 2.22 3.26 3.26 2.91 6.3 3.3 5.3 1.61 2 0.185 1013.3 191.1 0.19 20 0.11 2.35 3.8 3.55 3.23 6.5 2.9 3.1 1.07 1 0.169 645.5 142.3 0.22 21 0.08 1.71 2.27 2.05 2.01 6.0 2.3 2.8 1.22 1 0.237 472.7 80.4 0.17 22 0.13 2.23 3.15 3.21 2.86 7.7 1.7 2.9 1.71 2 0.203 656.8 127.1 0.19 23 0.15 3.07 4.38 3.43 3.63 8.1 2.7 3.6 1.33 2 0.142 903.1 189.3 0.21 24 0.09 2.03 2.85 2.87 2.58 6.0 2.3 3 1.30 1 0.194 546.0 108.5 0.20 25 0.09 2.58 2.52 2.52 2.54 6.6 3.0 3.3 1.10 1 0.163 636.8 117.3 0.18 26 0.11 2.72 2.8 2.43 2.65 7.5 2.3 2.8 1.22 1 0.198 608.2 114.0 0.19 27 0.11 2.5 2.64 2.71 2.62 6.1 2.5 3.2 1.28 2 0.215 589.8 115.7 0.20 28 0.08 2.55 2.1 2.33 5.7 2.3 2.5 1.09 1 0.241 427.8 84.6 0.20 29 0.08 2.64 2.42 2.3 2.45 6.0 2.3 2.4 1.04 1 0.226 435.2 88.3 0.20 30 0.10 2.54 2.54 2.35 2.48 8.0 2.4 2.6 1.08 1 0.194 584.4 104.0 0.18 31 0.08 2.26 2.6 2.54 2.47 6.5 1.6 2.5 1.56 1 0.200 480.4 93.7 0.20 32 0.13 3.03 2.87 2.59 2.83 7.0 2.7 3.3 1.22 1 0.199 688.4 133.0 0.19 33 0.11 2.22 3.49 3.2 2.97 5.9 2.5 3 1.20 1 0.209 587.2 124.1 0.22 34 0.10 2.28 3.52 1.91 2.57 6.0 3.3 3.4 1.03 1 0.191 613.6 118.2 0.19 35 0.13 2.79 3.11 2.98 2.96 5.8 3.1 3.4 1.10 2 0.223 630.0 135.0 0.21 36 0.09 3.51 3.12 2.77 3.13 6.6 2.4 2.8 1.17 1 0.155 588.4 129.1 0.22 37 0.07 2.26 2.61 2.56 2.48 5.5 1.7 2.6 1.53 1 0.198 442.0 91.6 0.21 38 0.11 2.3 2.23 1.98 2.17 5.6 2.1 2.8 1.33 2 0.323 459.4 85.1 0.19 39 0.09 2.04 2.09 2.22 2.12 5.9 2.6 2.9 1.04 2 0.249 489.9 86.4 0.18 40 0.09 1.83 2.18 2.22 2.08 6.0 2.5 2.9 1.16 2 0.249 493.4 85.1 0.17 41 0.08 3.85 2.34 3.10 5.9 1.9 2.4 1.26 1 0.183 468.3 110.8 0.24 42 0.10 2.61 2.55 2.33 2.50 5.7 2.2 2.5 1.14 2 0.281 438.3 90.9 0.21 43 0.08 2.06 3.3 3.29 2.88 6.7 2.2 2.7 1.23 1 0.153 556.1 118.5 0.21 44 0.10 2.15 3.39 3.21 2.92 6.5 2.6 2.8 1.08 2 0.188 565.3 119.6 0.21 45 0.08 2.8 2.79 2.54 2.71 6.0 2.0 2.4 1.20 2 0.205 450.6 97.6 0.22 46 0.10 2.51 2.61 2.42 2.51 6.2 2.0 2.7 1.35 2 0.238 501.7 99.0 0.20 47 0.09 2.94 2.21 2.84 2.66 6.0 2.3 2.8 1.22 2 0.201 517.1 106.5 0.21 48 0.09 2.93 2.77 2.58 2.75 6.2 2.1 2.9 1.38 2 0.182 553.4 114.0 0.21 49 0.09 2.58 2.74 2.66 6.0 2.2 2.3 1.05 2 0.245 430.3 93.1 0.22 50 0.11 2.51 2.65 2.93 2.70 6.4 2.9 3.3 1.14 2 0.193 634.9 123.5 0.19 AVG 0.11 2.64 6.3 2.5 3.0 1.21 1.5 0.216 568.2 112.8 0.20 HIGH 0.20 3.63 8.1 4.2 5.3 1.71 3.0 0.468 1013.3 191.1 0.24 LOW 0.05 1.94 4.2 1.6 2.0 1.03 1.0 0.142 394.5 80.0 0.16 STD 0.03 0.36 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.16 0.6 0.050 124.1 25.5 0.02 DEV MODE 0.09 2.48 6 2.3 2.9 1.2 1 CV 29% 14% 12% 19% 19% 13% 38% 24% 22% 23% 8%

Example 4 Rectangular Dice

CF-16 was manufactured into standard rectangular dice with target dimensions of 5 mm×6 mm with an average density of 0.52 g/cm³ by Shepherd Products, Watertown, Tenn. using CF-16 Lot Number 270044 supplied in standard Foley roll form by Buckeye Florida, Perry, Fla.

Seven individual rectangular dice were weighed using a digital analytical balance, Mettler Toledo Model AB204-S, that measures to the nearest 1/10000 of a gram. Once the weight was recorded in grams for a given individual rectangular dice, the length was measured. The length was defined as the longer longitudinal distance, the Y direction. A Peak Scale Loupe 10× magnifying unit, Model 2028, was used to measure the length. The length was measured to the nearest tenth of a millimeter and recorded and in millimeters. The width was defined as the shorter horizontal distance, the X direction. The Peak Scale Loupe 10× magnifying unit was used to measure the width for a given rectangular dice to the nearest tenth of a millimeter. Width measurements were recorded in millimeters. An Ames Micrometer, Model BG2110-0-04, with a 1.9 centimeter diameter foot was used to measure the thickness of each rectangular dice. The thickness, the Z direction, was obtained by centering the rectangular dice under the 1.9 centimeter foot of the micrometer. Thickness was reported in millimeters to the nearest 1/100 of a millimeter. Density per each given rectangular dice was calculated by taking the weight in grams and dividing by the area of the given rectangular dice. The average thickness in centimeters of the given rectangular dice was divided into the weight per area value to calculate density in grams per cubic centimeters. The average density for the seven rectangular dice is termed the Form Apparent Density and is also expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. For each given rectangular dice, the total surface area was calculated.

The Z-directional surface area was calculated for each given rectangular dice and reported in squared millimeters. The Z-Direction Surface Area Factor (ZSAF) was calculated for each individual rectangular dice by dividing the total surface area into the Z-Direction Surface Area. The individual ZSAF values were averaged for the seven rectangular dice measured. The average ZSAF value was assigned to the rectangular dice form. See Table Number 2 showing physical properties data for n=7 rectangular dice. TABLE 2 Rectangular Dice Form Physical Properties Data Z-Directional Z-Direction Length Thickness Density Total Surface Surface Area Surface Area n Wt (g) (mm) Width (mm) (mm) (g/cc) Area (mm²) (mm²) Factor (ZSAF) 1 0.022 6.2 5.1 1.34 0.519 93.5 30.3 0.32 2 0.023 6.2 5.2 1.36 0.525 95.5 31.0 0.32 3 0.021 6.2 5.2 1.31 0.497 94.3 29.9 0.32 4 0.022 6.1 5.0 1.34 0.538 90.7 29.7 0.33 5 0.021 6.1 5.1 1.33 0.508 92.0 29.8 0.32 6 0.021 6.2 4.8 1.40 0 504 90.3 30.8 0.34 7 0.023 6.4 5.1 1.35 0.522 96.3 31.1 0.32 AVG 0.022 6.2 5.1 1.35 0.516 93.3 30.4 0.33 HIGH 0.023 6.4 5.2 1.40 0.538 96.3 31.1 0.34 LOW 0.021 6.1 4.8 1.31 0.497 90.3 29.7 0.32 STD DEV 0.001 0.1 0.1 0.03 0.014 2.3 0.6 0.01 MODE 0.021 6.2 5.1 1.34 — — — — CV 4% 2% 3% 2% 3% 2% 2% 2%

A preferred application for the practice of this invention is the production of fiber reinforced concrete for construction. There are a wide variety of mixing apparatus in use in the construction trades which range in size from small units such as the four cubic foot mixer used in the laboratory examples below, to various ready-mix truck units in wide use, and to other units. The parameters discussed herein relating to mixing and dispersion of fibrous forms delivered into concrete are applicable to any of the motorized state of the art concrete mixing machines operating under typical ambient conditions.

Desirably, the form of sheeted fibrous material of this invention upon addition to a concrete mixing machine is about 99 percent or more dispersed into individual fibers within a mixing time of about five minutes or less, more desirably of about four minutes or less, preferably of about three minutes or less, and more preferably of about two minutes or less. Mixing time is calculated from the point in time when a batch of sheeted fibrous material form, such as dice, comes into contact in the rotating mixing machine with one or more, or, generally, with most or all of the other ingredients of the concrete batch. 99 percent or more dispersion is determined by visual examination of the concrete to confirm that the fibers are individually dispersed, as, for example, is done in Example 5 below with a series of screens and sieves.

Laboratory Dispersion Test of Three Different CF-16 Forms

Example 5 Dispersion of Rectangular 5 mm×6 mm CF-16 Dice Form in Concrete

A concrete laboratory with temperature controlled to a range of 72 to 81 degrees Fahrenheit and humidity controlled to a range of 41 percent to 54 percent was utilized for this experiment. A 94 pound (42.64 kilograms) bag of Portland cement (Lone Star Industries Incorporated, Memphis, Tenn. 38103) was cut open and 30.8 pounds (13.97 kilograms) was scooped into a bucket and covered. Then 118.0 pounds (53.52 kilograms) of #57 washed coarse aggregate from Vulcan Materials Company, Memphis, Tenn. 38113 was weighed out into buckets. Eighty-three pounds (37.65 kilograms) of concrete sand fine aggregate from Metro Materials Incorporated, Memphis, Tenn. 38114 was scooped into buckets. Then 19.6 pounds (8.89 kilograms) of water was weighed out into a bucket. The total weight for the concrete batch was 251.4 pounds (114.04 kilograms). The unit weight of the mix was predetermined to be 155.2 pounds per cubic foot (2.49 kilograms per cubic decimeter). Based on the unit weight of the concrete mix, 40.8 grams, or the equivalent dosage of 1.5 pounds per cubic yard (0.89 kg/m³), of bone dry rectangular CF-16 dice fiber was weighed using a digital balance, Mettler Toledo; Model PB3002-S, and placed in a beaker.

The 53.52 kilograms of #57 aggregate was added to a four cubic foot (113.3 cubic decimeter) concrete mixer, Stone Electric Concrete Mixer; Model 45CM, with the angle of the mixing drum positioned at one notch below the horizontal position that tilted the opening of the mixer upward 15 degrees from horizontal. One third of the 8.89 kilograms of water was added to the mixer containing the #57 aggregate. The mixer was then powered on. The 37.65 kilograms of concrete sand was added while the mixer rotated. The 13.97 kilograms of Portland cement was added to the mixer containing the #57 aggregate and concrete sand. The remaining two thirds of water was added to mixer. The mix rotated for a continuous three minutes and was timed using a stopwatch, which was started after the water was added. After three minutes of mix time, the mixer was powered off and a damp towel was placed over the opening of the mixer for three minutes.

After the three minutes elapsed, the towel was removed and the mixer was powered on and allowed to mix for two minutes. Then 40.8 bone dry grams of the 5 mm×6 mm rectangular CF-16 cellulose dice were added into the mixer all at once, making sure no dice collided with the mixing paddles or blades. Timing began and every 30 seconds, the mixer was powered off and a 15 pound (6.80 kilogram) sample was scooped out of the mixer and into an individual bucket. The mixer was immediately powered back on after the sample was collected. One sample weighing 15 pounds (6.80 kilograms) was scooped out every 30 seconds until 8 buckets of samples were collected over the time span of four minutes. The buckets were labeled according to the time at which they were collected.

Each sample was emptied onto a 40.0 centimeter×65.2 centimeter screening tray. An upper screening tray, which contained the concrete sample initially, was entirely perforated on the bottom with 6.3 millimeters inside diameter openings spaced apart every 3.3 millimeters. Underneath the top screen was a lower screening tray that measured 40.0 centimeters×65.2 centimeters, which was completely perforated with 3.0 mm opening spaced apart every 2.3 millimeters. A collecting pan was placed underneath the lower tray. Samples were spread out by hand across the upper screen. A water hose with a spray gun attachment set to shower gently washed the cement paste, sand, and small rocks through the two screening trays into the collection pan. Undispersed rectangular dice and fiber pieces that were not completely dispersed were collected by hand off of the two screen trays and put onto a standard sieve with 0.150 millimeter openings. The fiber collected was washed with water on the 0.150 millimeter opening standard sieve. The fiber was continuously rinsed until the cement paste no longer appeared on the fibers. The color change from gray to white indicated that the cement paste had washed away. The cleaned wet fiber was pressed down onto the lower sieve to press out as much water as possible. The screens and sieves were washed after each sample. The screening and sieving process to collect fiber was repeated for each sample. The samples were labeled and transferred to an oven set at 105 degrees Celsius and dried overnight.

The collected fiber was removed from the oven the next day. The dried fiber was then separated using dissecting needles to break apart the fiber and release any sand caught between the fibers. The separation with dissecting needles was performed on top of a standard sieve with 1.7 millimeter openings to allow the sand to fall through the openings. The remaining fiber that was free of sand was placed in a separate container. This process was repeated for each fiber sample. The total weight of CF-16 5 mm×6 mm Rectangular Dice fiber recovered from each sample was recorded and reported in Table 3. The CF-16 5 mm×6 mm rectangular dice completely was completely dispersed in a mixing time of between 2.50 minutes and 3.00 minutes. The CF-16 5 mm×6 mm rectangular dice has a CFDC of 0.64.

Example 6 Dispersion of CF-16 Twisted Dice Form in Concrete

The procedure of Example 5 was repeated using twisted dice instead of rectangular dice. The CF-16 twisted dice was completely dispersed in a mixing time of between 2.00 minutes and 2.50 minutes. The CF-16 Twisted Dice has a CFDC of 0.93.

Example 7 Dispersion of 3 inch (7.62 cm)×4 inch (10.26 cm) Sheet Form in Concrete 2 Minute Mix Time

The procedure of Example 5 was repeated using seven individual sheets of fiber that when stacked together measured a total height of 9.16 millimeters. Each individual sheet had a basis weight of 746 grams per square meter and a density of 0.57 grams per cubic centimeter. After mixing the sheeted fiber into the concrete for two minutes, the entire batch was dumped and sieved. The recovered fiber weighed 40.567 grams. A normalized value, that is, the weight of fiber per scoop, was calculated to be 2.420 g. The CFDC for this sheet form is 0.05.

Example 8 Dispersion of 3 inch (7.62 cm)×4 inch (10.26 cm) Sheet Form in Concrete 4 Minute Mix Time

The procedure of Example 5 was repeated using seven individual sheets of fiber that when stacked together measured a total height of 9.16 millimeters. Each individual sheet had a basis weight of 746 grams per square meter and a density of 0.57 grams per cubic centimeter. After mixing the sheeted fiber into the concrete for four minutes, the entire batch was dumped and sieved. The recovered fiber weighed 2.146 grams. A normalized value, that is, the weight of fiber per scoop, was calculated to be 0.128 g. The CFDC for this sheet form is 0.05. TABLE 3 Recovered Fiber (grams) Rectangular CF- CF-16 CF-16 Mix Time 16 5 mm × 6 mm Twisted Sheet **Normalized (minutes) Dice Dice 3″ × 4″ CF-16 Sheet 0.50 3.494 2.687 1.00 2.387 1.419 1.50 1.045 0.244 2.00 0.484 0.008 40.567 2.420 2.50 0.020 0 3.00 0 0 3.50 0 0 4.00 0 0 2.146 0.128 ZSAF 0.33 0.20 0.03 Form Apparent 0.516 0.216 0.570 Density (g/cc) CFDC 0.64 0.93 0.05

The result from Examples 5-8 are shown in FIG. 1. There is a direct correlation between the FFDC or CFDC for these cellulosic forms and the mixing time.

Example 9 Low Consistency Slurry

A pour was done on May 28^(th) to extend a residential driveway. I.M.I., Inc. of Tennessee prepared the concrete to the following mix design:

490 lbs./yd³ of cementitious material (137 lbs. fly ash, 353 lbs. cement)

1875 lbs./yd³ of rock

1320 lbs./yd³of sand

261 gallons of water for a target slump of 5.0″

A 3.5 percent consistency slurry of CF16 was prepared by adding 18 bone dry pounds of sheeted CF-16 (basis weight of 709 g/m² and a sheet density of 0.59 g/cm³) into ˜57 gallons of water. The mixture was agitated until the CF-16 had broken up into individualized fibers. The entire slurry was added to the truck inlet chute using 5-gallon buckets containing the CF-16 slurry. This was equivalent to a 2.0 lbs./yd³ dosage of fibers into the concrete for the 9 yd³ truck being used. After the slurry was added into the truck, it proceeded to the concrete batch station to receive the full concrete mix load (cement, sand, rock, and water). The concrete mix design was adjusted so that 57 gallons of water were withheld to accommodate for the water delivered from the fiber slurry. The truck rotated at high mixing speed while being charged with all the concrete materials. The truck then traveled 10-12 minutes to the pour site at drive rotation speed (low speed).

Slump measured 7.25″ for the concrete containing the slurry. The truck operator had targeted a 5.0″ slump but had not accounted for any water in the sand or aggregate even though there had been heavy rains the night before and might explain the higher than expected slump. Visual observations confirmed that the fiber was well dispersed throughout the entire concrete batch. A concrete sample was collected during the pour and then washed with water from a garden hose over a No. 14 sieve and the sand and fiber was collected on a No. 100 sieve and washed. Individual fibers were present and no clumps were noticed. Three cylinders samples were also collected which will be used to measure compressive strength at 7 and 28 days cure times.

During the finishing process, there were no issues.

Example 10 Concrete Prepared with Twisted Dice

A residential pour was done on May 28^(th) to extend a driveway. The concrete was prepared by I.M.I., Inc to the following mix design:

490 lbs./yd³ of cementitious material (137 lbs. fly ash, 353 lbs. cement)

1875 lbs./yd³ of rock

1320 lbs./yd³of sand

261 gallons of water for a target slump of 5.0″.

The truck was prepared by I.M.I. according to the above mix plan. When the truck arrived at the pour site, slump was measured and found to be 3.50″. Cylinders for compressive strength testing were also collected. Nine degradable cellulose bags, each containing 1.5 bone dry pounds of CF-16 dice were quickly added one-by-one into the truck via the inlet chute for a total addition of 13.5 lbs. of fiber. This equates to a fiber dosage of 1.5 lbs./yd³. The truck rotated at full mix speed for 5 minutes before pouring commenced. A sample was collected to measure slump and test for fiber dispersion. The slump measured 2.25″ after the fiber was added (˜1.0″ slump reduction). Cylinders were collected for compression strength. The fibers were easily visible in these collected samples. After the samples were collected, the truck operator added water to raise the slump so it would be easier to finish. Once pouring began, no clumps or “non-dispersed” pieces of dice were ever observed during pouring or finishing. Several large concrete samples were taken throughout the pour and were washed over two sieves to collect CF-16 fibers. In every case, these tests confirmed the presence of thoroughly mixed and individualized fibers.

An identical mix of CF-16 dice was repeated immediately following the above pour. The same amount was added in the same manner and with the same mixing conditions. The slump prior to CF-16 addition measured 2.00″; after CF-16 addition it measured 1.25″. Samples were collected for compressive strength testing and fibers were visually present in the samples that contained CF-16. The truck driver again added water to the mix to make the concrete more workable. No clumps or “non-dispersed” pieces of dice were noticed when pouring and individual fibers were again observed using the sieves after washing.

Once again the finishing crew noted no problem or issues related to finishing the concrete containing CF-16.

Example 11 Concrete Prepared with Rectangular 5 mm×6 mm CF-16 Dice

CF-16 was manufactured into standard rectangular dice with dimensions of 5 mm×6 mm with an average density of 0.52 g/cm³. This converting was done by Shepherd Products in Watertown, Tenn. using CF-16 Lot Number 270044 supplied in standard Foley roll form. The dice was packaged into degradable bags by Durafiber Inc. with each bag containing 1.5 lbs. of diced C-16.

On Jul. 24, 2003, a test pour occurred on the property of Hoover Concrete, Inc. in Nashville, Tenn. A rectangular pit approximately 12′×24′ with a depth range of6-10″ was created to receive the pour contents. The concrete batch was 9 yd³ of standard 3,000 psig mix concrete. The truck was initially filled and mixed to completion with all the concrete materials. A sample of the concrete was collected to test for slump and to fill compressive strength cylinders for 14 and 28 days. The slump measured 7.0″.

Next, the CF-16 fiber was added in rectangular dice form (5 mm×6 mm) via eleven degradable bags containing 1.5 lbs. of dice each for a total addition of 16.5 lbs. or a dosage of 1.8 lbs./yd³. The bags were quickly added one-by-one and given 4.5 minutes of full rotational speed mix time. The concrete was then poured into the pit for approximately 30 seconds before a sample was collected. The sample containing CF-16 fiber measured a 7.0″ slump. Cylinders for compressive strength were also obtained for 14 day and 28 day. No additional water was added at any point during the pour.

A dispersion test was also performed on the concrete to look for undispersed dice or fiber bundles. Approximately 25 lbs. of concrete was placed onto a 0.75″ round screen. The sample was spread out and washed lightly with water onto a 0.125″ round screen. A pan caught whatever passed through the two screens and the test showed that the first sample contained only individualized fibers (no dice or fiber bundles). The filtrate collected on the bottom pan was further screened using standard No. 12 and No. 100 mesh screens. The sand mixture collected on the No. 100 mesh was allowed to drain and dry in the sun. Agitation of the sand mixture after it had dried revealed individual CF-16 fibers dispersed all throughout the filtrate that had passed through the 3 screens. Once again, dispersion was confirmed.

A second sample was collected near the end of the pour. The slump measured 8.25″. The increase in slump is typical due to water settlement. The fiber dispersion test was performed again with about 25 lbs. of concrete and revealed only one single piece of dice. It should be noted that a total of approximately 340,200 individual pieces of dice were added to the truck. Each individual dice weighs approximately 0.022 grams on average. This single dice is believed to have been stuck to the inlet chute and fallen off during discharge and, therefore, had essentially no mix time. Fiber dispersion was once again confirmed successful by viewing the contents of the No. 100 mesh screen after it had dried in the sun.

The finishers commented that the concrete worked and finished normally with no problems and no undispersed fibers were observed during the finishing process.

Comparative Example Delivery in Sheet Form

On Mar. 24, 2003, a pour occurred on the property of Hoover Concrete, Inc. in Nashville, Tenn. The concrete batch was 9 yd³ of standard 3,000 psig mix concrete. Three different size sheets of CF-16 were used: 10 lbs. of 2″×11.5″, 10 lbs. of 3.0″×11.5″, and 5 lbs. of 4″ by 11.5″ (machine direction in the 11.5″ dimension). Each sheet had an average basis weight of 709 g/m² and an average density of 0.59 g/cm³. The truck was initially filled and mixed to completion with all the concrete materials. Then the fiber sheets were added in bundles into the inlet chute of the concrete truck and were allowed to mix for 4 minutes at full rotational speed.

The pour site was on-location at Hoover where a section of their property had been dug out to receive the concrete. As the pour took place, rakes were used to search through the concrete looking for unmixed sheets of fibers. Attempts were made to quantify any unmixed fiber sheets. The table below summarizes the unmixed quantities: TABLE 4 Sheets Recovered According to Size 2″ Wide 3″ Wide 4″ Wide Sum Number of Sheets 81 64 14 159 Dry Weight (lbs.) 1.88 2.23 0.65 4.75 percent Recovered 19% 22% 13% 19% Avg. While the table above represents what was found unmixed in the concrete using rakes, etc., it most likely does not represent all of the unmixed portions of fiber sheets. This method of fiber addition proved to not be successful under the needed mix conditions required at a typical ready mix batch plant for sheeted CF-16. 

1. (canceled)
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 20. A rectangular dice form of sheeted fibrous material in which the rectangular dice has a generally rectangular shape with a length of from about 4 mm to about 10 mm, a width of from about 3 mm to about 8 mm and a thickness of from about 1 mm to about 2 mm, a density of from about 0.4 g/cc to about 0.6 g/cc.
 21. The rectangular dice of claim 20, wherein the density is from about 0.4 g/cc to about 0.6 g/cc.
 22. The rectangular dice of claim 21, wherein the density is from about 0.45 g/cc to about 0.55 g/cc.
 23. The rectangular dice of claim 20, wherein the length is from about 5 mm to about 8 mm.
 24. The rectangular dice of claim 23, wherein the length is from about 6 mm to about 7 mm.
 25. The rectangular dice of claim 20, wherein the width is from about 4 mm to about 7 mm.
 26. The rectangular dice of claim 23, wherein the width is from about 4.5 mm to about 6 mm.
 27. The rectangular dice of claim 20, wherein the thickness is from about 1.15 mm to about 1.70 mm.
 28. The rectangular dice of claim 23, wherein the thickness is from about 1.25 mm to about 1.50 mm
 29. The rectangular dice of claim 20, wherein the weight is from about 0.015 grams to about 0.030 grams.
 30. The rectangular dice of claim 29, wherein the weight is from about 0.020 grams to about 0.024 grams.
 31. The rectangular dice of claim 20, wherein the dice has a fiber form dispersion coefficient FFDC of about 0.30 or greater.
 32. The rectangular dice of claim 31, wherein the dice has a fiber form dispersion coefficient FFDC of about 0.50 or greater.
 33. The rectangular dice of claim 32, wherein the dice has a fiber form dispersion coefficient FFDC of about 0.70 or greater.
 34. (canceled)
 35. A process for the production of a rectangular dice form of a sheeted fibrous material comprising passing the sheeted fibrous material through a dicer or shredder to produced rectangular dice which has a generally rectangular shape with a length of from about 4 mm to about 10 mm, a width of from about 3 mm to about 8 mm and a thickness of from about 1 mm to about 2 mm, a density of from about 0.4 g/cc to about 0.6 g/cc.
 36. (canceled)
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 38. (canceled)
 39. Construction material containing dispersed therein the rectangular dice of claim
 20. 40. The construction material of claim 39, wherein the material is a cementitious mixture.
 41. The construction material of claim 39, wherein the material is a bituminous mixture.
 42. A form of sheeted fibrous material which has a weight of from about 0.01 g to about 0.5 g and which has a fiber form dispersion coefficient FFDC of about 0.50 or greater.
 43. The form of sheeted fibrous material of claim 42, wherein the form has a fiber form dispersion coefficient FFDC of about 0.60 or greater.
 44. The form of sheeted fibrous material of claim 43, wherein the form has a fiber form dispersion coefficient FFDC of about 0.70 or greater.
 45. The form of sheeted fibrous material of claim 44, wherein the form has a fiber form dispersion coefficient FFDC of about 0.80 or greater.
 46. The form of sheeted fibrous material of claim 45, wherein the form has a fiber form dispersion coefficient FFDC of about 0.90 or greater.
 47. The form of sheeted fibrous material of claim 42, wherein the form of sheeted fibrous material, upon addition to a concrete mixing machine, is about 99 percent or more dispersed into individual fibers within a mixing time of about five minutes or less.
 48. The form of sheeted fibrous material of claim 47, wherein the form of sheeted fibrous material, upon addition to a concrete mixing machine, is about 99 percent or more dispersed into individual fibers within a mixing time of about four minutes or less.
 49. The form of sheeted fibrous material of claim 48, wherein the form of sheeted fibrous material, upon addition to a concrete mixing machine, is about 99 percent or more dispersed into individual fibers within a mixing time of about three minutes or less.
 50. A cementitious material comprising: (A) cement, (B) cellulose pellets, and (C) optionally, sand, aggregate or sand and aggregate.
 51. A method of dispersing fibers in a cementitious material, wherein the steps comprise: (A) providing a cementitious material, wherein the cementitious material comprises cement and coarse aggregate components; (B) adding dice forms to the cementitious material; and (C) mixing the cementitious material with the dice forms until the dice forms are completely dispersed as individual fibers uniformly in the cementitious material.
 52. (canceled)
 53. The method of claim 51, wherein the dice form are in rectangular dice form of sheeted fibrous material in which the rectangular dice has a generally rectangular shape with a length of from about 4 mm to about 10 mm, a width of from about 3 mm to about 8 mm and a thickness of from about 1 mm to about 2 mm, a density of from about 0.4 g/cc to about 0.6 g/cc. 